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Climate and weather are very different concepts, however they are similar in many ways. -Weather is what is happening outside in a specific area at a specific time, such things can include the amount of wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, sunshine and precipitation. -Climate is an average of how the weather acts over a long period of time in a particular location – regular weather patterns -Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get
-Climate can be affected by a location’s proximity to bodies of water as well as its altitude, latitude and its terrain
Questions
1. What is the most correct definition of climate? a) Climate is an average of weather patterns over a long period of time in a particular location b) Climate is an average of the temperature in a certain area c) Climate is the short term or current behavior of the atmosphere whereas weather is a long term average of climate patterns
2. What determines the climate a region will experience? a) a region’s altitude b) a region’s proximity to a body of water c)the terrain surrounding the region d) all of the above
3. Vancouver is located near the ocean and the rocky mountains block cold arctic winds therefore Vancouver has a) a cold snowy climate b) a hot dry climate c) a mild and rainy climate
Research two types of technological devices used to obtain data from remote regions of Earth's biosphere. Nikita and Savannah
FACT SHEET
-active satellites emit radiation ex: LIDAR, RADAR, SONAR, -passive satellites use the sun's energy ex: ASTER, landsat, AVHRR -remote sensing satellites measures electromagnetic radiation -NOAA is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -NOAA has an optical remote sensing division -Charles David Keeling invented the first instrument that could accurately measure CO2
1. Active remote sensing satellites… 1. emit radiation. 2. use the sun’s energy. 3. find hot spots. 4. Or none of the above 2. Who invented the first instrument to accurately measure CO2 levels? 1. Mauna Loa 2. Charles David Keeling 3. David Suzuki 4. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 3. Which remote sensing satellite is active? 1. RADAR 2. ASTER 3. LIDAR 4. Both a and c
1. What will happen if all the ice melts? A. The water will be colder B. Sea levels will rise and coastal cities will be under water C. The water will be warmer D. We will have more water to sustain countries
2. Which greenhouse gas has the biggest effect on our planet? A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
3. What spiked climate change? A. Polar bears B. Greenhouse gases C. Industrial revolution D. Temperature
Notes:
Ice melting • Carbon is in the ground and the warmth of the air is heating up the ground faster, which releases all the carbon that has been trapped in the ground for thousands of years. • If all the ice melted in Antarctica, Greenland, and the mountain glaciers, the sea level rise 230 feet, and every costal city would be under water. • The average temperature if all the ice melts, will be 80 degrees Fahrenheit instead the current 58.
Extreme events
• Climate change has caused our hurricanes to be stronger and rainfall to be heavier. Wind speeds are increasing by 13%, which can boost a hurricane up to the next category (a 3 to a 4). Rainfall goes up by 10 to 31%. • Warming has caused a longer fire season • This makes the forests highly combustible within a month of when Snowpack melts. It’s melting 1-4 weeks earlier than it did 50 years ago.
Deforestation • The amount of deforestation has caused the inability for tree’s to soak up carbon dioxide. • The less tree’s we have, the less CO2 is being removed from the atmosphere. • Every year 20 million hectares of tropical forests are being destroyed, which is releasing 2 billion tons of CO2 into to the atmosphere. • If the Amazon Forest was to be turned into a desert (because of destruction) global warming would be predicted to increase by 50%. Already deforestation is responsible for 20-25% of global warming.
Climate change • Since the early 1900’s, it has spiked, leaving irreversible damage to our world. • The industrial revolution, factories, cars, and many other fossil fuelled systems, have increased the CO2 levels and the average temperature.
Research and describe TUNDRA; one of six terrestrial biomes. Identify the potential effects of climate change on the biome.
By: Kat and Ayesha
Questions:
1. Where are tundras located? a. Arctic regions in North America, Europe and Asia b. Coldest parts of Antarctica c. Areas with hot and humid climates
2. What is permafrost? a. Melting glaciers b. Permanently frozen soil c. Coldest temperatures
3. Large trees aren't found in Tundras because ____________ a. Roots are too small b. Soil is too soft c. Roots can't pass permafrost
Notes:
Tundra: Large plains in the arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America. They cover a tenth of Earth's land and are one of the most sensitive habitats on Earth.
-Vegetation includes grass and sedges. During summer, plants that live here have to photosynthesize a year's worth of food to survive the harsh climate.
-Animals found here include caribou, lemmings, arctic hares, arctic foxes, arctic wolfs, polar bears, walruses and seals.
-Winters are extremely long and can last 6-9 months. Temperatures can drop to -40 degrees Celsius. -Summers are short and cool. During summer, a few cm of soil actually thaws. The rest of the soil stays frozen all year round. This frozen soil is called permafrost. - Precipitation averages to less than 25 cm per year.
Effects of Climate Change:
- Melting of permafrost can significantly change the landscape and what species are able to survive there.
- By releasing carbons into the atmosphere, melted permafrost contributes to ozone layer depletion; allowing more UV rays hitting the Earth.
- Air pollution from urban areas travels up to the tundra and can create smog clouds which can contaminate food sources and is harmful to animals.
- Exploration of oil and gas can physically disturb the environment.
Describe the major characteristics of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, and explain their relationship to Earth's biosphere.
By: Calem Dahl
KEY POINTS ON ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSHPERE, LITHOSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE CLASS NOTES
ATMOSPHERE • Made up mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. • Contains the ozone layer which creates a shield against the most harmful rays of the sun. • This protective layer traps heat, allows for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange as well as protects us from the sun. • Without this layer we would be harmed by the sun and other harmful materials. • There is also lots of water in the form of condensation in the atmosphere. • The atmosphere goes all the way up to around 80 kilometers above the earth but its end is not clearly known or specified. • Essential to the wellbeing of the biosphere. HYDROSPHERE • The hydrosphere includes the water cycle. The water cycle helps to naturally recycle water through evaporation and then dispersing the water via rain and other forms to create a constant water supply. • The hydrosphere contains all of the water on Earth whether that be frozen, liquid, underground, or vapour. • The hydrosphere even contains the water in the bedrock. • The hydrosphere is discontinuous, or in other words, there are patches of it all over the earth. • Is essential to provide water to sustain life. LITHOSPHERE • The solid portion of the Earth that includes the mantle and crust, usually 100 kilometres deep in most places. • The lithosphere contains tectonic plates which cause the earth’s surface to move. • The lithosphere is constantly moving due to plate tectonics. • The lithosphere’s tectonic plates are responsible for earthquakes. • The lithosphere recycles carbon which in turn then helps to stabilize the temperature for the earth.
BIOSPHERE • Contains all living matter on earth plus dead matter that living organisms produce. • Reacts with all other “spheres” of the earth. • Scientists monitor the biosphere using global remote sensing platforms that photograph and collect data about living things on Earth. • The biosphere is a core concept in ecology and biology.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM ALL • Atmosphere exchanges gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide with the biosphere. • Nutrients deposited from the atmosphere benefit life in the biosphere. • These nutrients increase plant growth in the biosphere. • Pollution in the biosphere can have an effect on the quality of the hydrosphere. • Only a small amount of water in the hydrosphere can be consumed by living things in the biosphere. • The hydrosphere is a source of water for the entire biosphere thus giving life to the earth. • If the soil in the lithosphere is contaminated then the water flowing in the lithosphere will be contaminated as well. • The plants of the biosphere can help to protect the rock in the lithosphere from eroding. • The cracks in the rocks of the lithosphere help to promote plant growth in the biosphere by giving plants a space to grow. • Soil contamination can take out ecosystems because of the plants that grow in the lithosphere’s soil and the water flowing through it.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The water cycle is important to the biosphere because it : a. Expels all of the water into space b. Evaporates water into clouds c. Is a process that recycles water so that we always have a water supply d. Takes all the water to the Earth’s core
2. The atmosphere protects Earth’s biosphere by : a. Letting in all of the sun’s rays b. Letting out all of the Earth’s heat c. Letting in all of the sun’s rays and trapping in heat d. Trapping in heat and keeping out most of the sun’s rays
3. Plate tectonics can have a positive effect on the biosphere by : a. Recycling carbon which helps to regulate temperature on Earth b. Creating earthquakes c. Forming the ozone layer d. Recycling oxygen through the Earth’s crust
Notes: • Extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent plants from growing • Decrease in water supply • More pests in different regions • Food shortages • Affect price of food • As the population grows the more carbon emissions grow which effects food production • Irregular growth patterns
Planting and Harvesting Changes Shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns and severe rainfall cause flooding which delay’s planting and harvesting times, causing a major loss in money for farmers.
Reduction in Yields This is the natural process of producing. This means that the productivity of crops reduces due to high temperatures and drought related stress.
More Pests, Weeds and Fungi Many weeds, pests and fungi invade under warmer temperatures, wetter climates, and increased CO2 levels. Farmers spend more and more money due to the increase of pests, year and year. The ranges of weeds and pests are likely to expand to new parts of the world. This would cause new problems for farmers crops previously unexposed to these species.
Water Need Dealing with drought could become a challenge in areas where summer temperatures are to increase and precipitation is to decrease. As water supplies are reduced, it may be more difficult to meet water demands and which can bring higher costs to access water.
1) What are Yields? a) Drought b) Water c) Natural process of producing d) Increase in pests
2) What do hotter climates do to agriculture? a) Increase in pests/weeds b) Drought c) Planting/harvesting changes d) A and B
3) Is too much CO2 good for food production? a) True b) False
Research 3 weather events and connect them to climate change. By: Will and Alex 3 Questions What is the correct order of steps for a Chinook Wind? Moisture lost, Heat added, Goes over mountain, Warm Air travels down mountain. Heat added, Moisture lost, Goes over mountain, Warm Air travels down mountain Moisture lost, Goes over mountain, heat added, Warm Air travels down mountain. 2. What is another name for a Chinook? A.Snow Eater B. Warmth in a breeze C. An Anti Cold Air Mass D. The Puddle Maker 3. During the Calgary Floods how high was the water at stampede park? 1 meter 3 meters 2 meters 1.5 meters
Notes 1.Calgary Floods Up to 100 000 Albertans were told to leave their homes It was Canada's costliest natural disaster Damage loss and recovery costs were projected to cost 6 Billion dollars Also there was unbelievable infrastructure losses 1 000 km of destroyed roads and hundreds of washed away bridges It started snowing in southern Alberta on Thanksgiving 2012 and did not stop snowing until a month after Easter In May the snow at some points in the mountains was over one meter. To add to the precipitation the spring was very wet and left the round soaked and the rivers overflowing At some points in calgary there was more rain on May 23/24 then there was in the months to follow the floods We received 68 mm of rain in 48 hours Raging creeks ate away at river banks and back yards, leaving behind phenomenal damage the rate the water flowed through High River was faster than niagara falls At the saddledome water was up to row 10 and the barns at stampede park wer in 2 meters of water David Suzuki said “Burning fossil fuels and pumping carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causes the Earth's average surface temperatures to rise. That warming leads to climate change, which generates increased extreme weather-related events. Those events, according to the World Meteorological Organisation's "Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2012," include "major heatwaves and extreme high temperatures, drought and wildfires, extreme precipitation and floods, snow and extreme cold, and tropical cyclones."
2.Sep 17th 2014 Calgary had 25 degree and the next day were amazed to see snow in the forecast Temperature went down from 25 degrees to Zero degrees Several centimeters fell From a scientific standpoint it was weird to have snow that early before fall This snow came 1 or 2 events to early Weather network says “As for climate change, while some recent studies have been showing that the increased amount of open ocean in the Arctic - due to global warming melting more of the ice there - has been causing deeper 'dips' of the jet stream (recall the 'slip' of the polar vortex this past winter and the numerous cold-snaps that sparked from it), it's difficult to point to any single weather event and say it was 'caused' by global warming and the resulting climate change. The most that can be said right now is that it's possible that global warming and climate change are having some influence on the situation, but there's really no way to be sure that this wouldn't have happened anyway.”
3.Jan 6th 1966 at 7am it was -24 degrees celsius at 8am it was 0 and at 9am it was -22 degrees celsius in pincher creek
-A chinook hit pincher creek -Temperature rose and fell 21 degrees (37.8 fahrenheit) in 4 minutes -Lots of people complained about getting head aches that day -Pincher Creek gets about 30 to 35 chinooks a year -A chinooks is called a snow eater because it can move so much snow -This is not an example of climate change as Chinooks are a natural event this diagram explains -why Chinooks happen
Topic: Describe factors that affect the amount of solar radiation absorbed in the biosphere and retained as thermal energy.
By: Sunny
Definitions: Solar radiation - radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy Biosphere - the part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life, the ecosystem comprising the entire earth and the living organisms that inhabit it. Thermal energy - example of kinetic energy, due to the motion of particles within the object or system
Introduction Many things in the biosphere absorb and reflect solar radiation which affects the amount of solar radiation that stays in the biosphere. There are many interactions occurring in the earth’s atmosphere, crust, and waters that create a balanced system that not only maintains the earth’s temperature but is also crucial to the survival of life forms on earth.
Atmosphere - There are many factors in the atmosphere that let it control how much solar radiation is allowed to reach the earth and how much radiation is allowed to escape back to space. (ex. greenhouse gases) Earth’s crust - Many places like deserts, rainforests, jungles, and the arctic all absorb or reflect solar radiation that reaches the earth’s crust. Waters - The oceans and seas are significant factors that absorb lots of solar radiation from the sun.
Factors Clouds, snow, and ice They reflect most of the sunlight and solar radiation that shines on them, reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed in the biosphere.
Crust and Waters Forests, rainforests, and jungles absorb many of the solar radiation that shines on them mostly for photosynthesis. Ocean waters absorb lots of radiation while deserts and the arctic reflect solar radiation back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere The atmosphere might seem to be transparent to the solar radiation coming from the sun, but in fact it reflects and also traps lots of solar radiation. It blocks off ultraviolet rays that are harmful to living organisms on earth and also traps solar radiation from escaping into space. The atmosphere also provides a natural "greenhouse effect," that maintains the temperature and climate on Earth.
Incoming and Outgoing Radiation Greenhouse gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and many more gages make up the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases absorb radiation and transmit it in all directions, including the earth’s surface where it gets absorbed again, this is what keeps the earth’s surface warm at night and what retains solar radiation in the biosphere as thermal energy. The earth absorbs much more solar radiation than it reflects it but because there are more and more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is trapping more radiation that has been reflected which causes climate change.
Connections to prior learning Thermal energy is a type of kinetic energy that produces heat. Living organisms all go through cellular respiration and in that process oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is produce, carbon dioxide is the main factor that adds to the greenhouse gas effect. Plants need energy from the sun to go through the process of photosynthesis to create food, that is why ecosystems like forests absorb more solar radiation.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is “the part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life.” a definition of? a. Atmosphere b. Hydrosphere c. Biosphere d. Solar Radiation
2. The atmosphere provides a natural ________________. a. cloud b. greenhouse effect c. shield to block off UV rays d. biosphere
3. What do clouds, snow, and ice do? a. absorb solar radiation b. trap solar radiation c. block solar radiation d. reflect solar radiation
How is climate change affecting Canada? by Abby & Brennan
Facts Sheet How is climate change affecting Canada? • Increased forest fires due to heat • Increased floods due to excessive rain fall • Insect infestation due to warmer temperatures • Stronger U.V. rays • Worse air quality due to gases being realised • Bad ski conditions due to increased heat in winter • Increased water temperatures It is predicted that … • British Columbia will resemble a garden with the ability to grow crops such as -Pecans -Olives -Sugar cane -Oranges -Lemons -Cotton • Alberta and Saskatchewan will resemble a dessert. (dry & unbearable heat) • Atlantic Canada (AKA Newfoundland & Labrador, Nova Scotia, P.E.I. and New Brunswick) will be most threatened by climate change. It is predicted that there will be… -Stronger storms -Rising sea levels -Coastal erosion -Flooding
This Graph represents the rise in temperature recorded yearly from the 1900s to the 2000s. The climate has risen by 1.2 C over the past 100 years. That’s almost twice the global rate.
Quiz 1.What region is affected most by climate change? A)Central Canada B)Northern Canada C)Atlantic Canada
2. What province is NOT predicted to resemble a dessert? A)British Columbia B)Alberta C)Saskatchewan
3.How much has Canada climate changed since the 1900s? A)-1.2 C B)1.2 C C)2.1 C
Question The sun is the surface of all energy on earth. Define radiation, convection, absorption and reflection. Explain the net radiation. *** Radiation: The mechanism of energy transfer in which atoms or molecules emit electromagnetic waves. (Process by which solar energy reaches the earth) -textbook pg. 366
Convection: The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. - Google definitions
Absorption: The process or action by which one thing is absorbed by another. -google definitions Reflection: The throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat or sound without absorbing it. -google definitions Net radiation budget: Earth’s budget or earth's radiation balance describes the net flow of energy into earth in the form of shortwave radiation and the outgoing inferred long wave radiation into space. Thus, the energy fluxes are important to understand climate change, defined by changes in earth’s energy balance. The earth maintains an energy balance and a temperature balance by radiating as much energy into space as it absorbs from the sun. - Textbook + earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/energy balance/page6.php
1. Fill in the blank. The Earth’s radiation budget allows it to maintain an energy balance and a _______ balance. a)light b)temperature c)heat d)condensation
2. What’s the difference between radiation and reflection? a)there is no difference b)the process of reflection involves absorption and radiation does not c)both require light d)the process of radiation involves absorption and reflection does not
3. Choose the following information about convection that is not true. a)when hotter material rises and colder material sinks b)movement caused within a fluid c)requires light d)results in a transfer of heat
1. How much do scientists predict the temperature will increase in 100 years? A) 1-2 degrees Celsius B) 2-4 degrees Celsius C) 3-5 degrees Celsius D) 4-6 degrees Celsius
2. What is Alberta doing to eliminate greenhouses gases? A) shutting down coal-fired factories B) investing in innovative and clean energy projects C) making facilities pay a fee when they go over the emission limit D) all of the above
3. Climate change can bring opportunity to Alberta's agriculture. A) true B) false C) none of the above D) all of the above
Jon Questions: #1 Where does the water cycle begin? a) The ocean b) All water sources c) Clouds d) Snow and Rain
#2 What's the main source of energy for the modern water cycle? a) Seasonal weather changes b) Thermal energy from the Earth's Core c) The Sun d) None of the above
#3 What change of state does water vapour go through when it turns into hail? a) Solidification (liquid to solid) b) Condensation to Solidification (Gas to liquid to solid) c) Deposition (gas to solid) d) Sublimation (solid to gas)
What is the Water Cycle The water cycle, H2O cycle or hydraulics cycle is the cycle in which the water moves on the Earth's surface. The water cycle involves the exchange of energy which can lead to temperature change. As an example when water is evaporated it takes up energy for its surroundings and cools the environment. When the clouds condensate and it rains or snows energy is released creating a warmer environment. These changes create climate. The main source of energy for the water cycle is the sun, without the sun water wouldn't get the thermal energy it needs to change states. Other factors include: season, location and temperature.
Who Discovered the Modern Water Cycle The first publisher to record that rainfall was a main source for maintaining rivers was a man named Bernard Palissy (1580) who is credited to the creator of the modern water cycle .
States of Change During Weather Step 1: The main source of water is the ocean for weather. The ocean is also step one, the first thing that happens is Solar/Thermal energy comes from the sun and heats the water up giving it lots of energy to change states from liquid to gas (Evaporation). Although the ocean is the main source, water can also be evaporated from lakes, pond, creeks, rivers or anything with water. Then evaporated water (gas) rises due to having more particles moving faster and farther. This makes it less dense than air particles which is more dense due to less particle movement. Air, even "clear air," contains water molecules. Clouds exist in the atmosphere because of rising air. As air rises and cools the water in it can "condense out", forming clouds. Since clouds drift over the landscape, they are one of the ways that water moves geographically around the globe in the water cycle. A common myth is that clouds form because cooler air can hold less water than warmer air—but this is not true.
Step:2 At high altitudes the air is very cold and that slows down the water vapours molecules. Moisture starts to build up in clouds (condensation) when the water vapour changes from gas to liquid. The water in the clouds can stay floating because at a high altitude where it's cold but at the same time there is solar/thermal energy the water can change from solid to gas and vice-versa many times but there is also help from updrafts (rising wind) This also means that there is a cycle in the clouds as well. The water movers in a cloud like a wheel formation as it changes states and that's why sometimes clouds look like there rolling. Eventually the gas cools down enough for the water to go from gas to liquid and then the water falls (rain). When it snows the water vapour rapidly changes from gas to liquid (condensation) and seconds after the water droplets leave the cloud they crystallize (solidification) and fall as snow. When is hails the water vapour (gas) doesn't have time to change into liquid water because of extreme energy loss, so the newly solidified hail falls from the cloud. Hail's size can be determined due to the amount of gas that changes to solid at one time and the amount of friction it faces on the way down. The friction can break the hail into smaller pieces. Clouds can also gain weight and descend to Earth's surface as fog.
Step:3 After the water falls back to Earth's surface it either is water or snow. Snow will usually fall during Autumn, Winter or Spring but when it's warm enough for the snow to melt the snow (solid) will change from solid to liquid (fusion). Liquid Water from melted snow or rain will flow into streams, lakes, ponds, rivers, underground water streams and every other type of liquid water source and eventually make its way back to the ocean. Some water will be evaporated before it reaches the ocean and will go back to the clouds. The water that makes it to the ocean will be back at the start of the water cycle and it starts all over again.
Question #3
ReplyDeleteNotes
Climate and weather are very different concepts, however they are similar in many ways.
-Weather is what is happening outside in a specific area at a specific time, such things can include the amount of wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, sunshine and precipitation.
-Climate is an average of how the weather acts over a long period of time in a particular location – regular weather patterns
-Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get
-Climate can be affected by a location’s proximity to bodies of water as well as its altitude, latitude and its terrain
Questions
1. What is the most correct definition of climate?
a) Climate is an average of weather patterns over a long period of time in a particular location
b) Climate is an average of the temperature in a certain area
c) Climate is the short term or current behavior of the atmosphere whereas weather is a long term average of climate patterns
2. What determines the climate a region will experience?
a) a region’s altitude
b) a region’s proximity to a body of water
c)the terrain surrounding the region
d) all of the above
3. Vancouver is located near the ocean and the rocky mountains block cold arctic winds therefore Vancouver has
a) a cold snowy climate
b) a hot dry climate
c) a mild and rainy climate
Research two types of technological devices used to obtain data from remote regions of Earth's biosphere.
ReplyDeleteNikita and Savannah
FACT SHEET
-active satellites emit radiation ex: LIDAR, RADAR, SONAR,
-passive satellites use the sun's energy ex: ASTER, landsat, AVHRR
-remote sensing satellites measures electromagnetic radiation
-NOAA is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
-NOAA has an optical remote sensing division
-Charles David Keeling invented the first instrument that could accurately measure CO2
1. Active remote sensing satellites…
1. emit radiation.
2. use the sun’s energy.
3. find hot spots.
4. Or none of the above
2. Who invented the first instrument to accurately measure CO2 levels?
1. Mauna Loa
2. Charles David Keeling
3. David Suzuki
4. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
3. Which remote sensing satellite is active?
1. RADAR
2. ASTER
3. LIDAR
4. Both a and c
Is Our Climate Changing? by Becca and Melody
ReplyDeleteQuestions:
1. What will happen if all the ice melts?
A. The water will be colder
B. Sea levels will rise and coastal cities will be under water
C. The water will be warmer
D. We will have more water to sustain countries
2. Which greenhouse gas has the biggest effect on our planet?
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Carbon monoxide
3. What spiked climate change?
A. Polar bears
B. Greenhouse gases
C. Industrial revolution
D. Temperature
Notes:
Ice melting
• Carbon is in the ground and the warmth of the air is heating up the ground faster, which releases all the carbon that has been trapped in the ground for thousands of years.
• If all the ice melted in Antarctica, Greenland, and the mountain glaciers, the sea level rise 230 feet, and every costal city would be under water.
• The average temperature if all the ice melts, will be 80 degrees Fahrenheit instead the current 58.
Extreme events
• Climate change has caused our hurricanes to be stronger and rainfall to be heavier. Wind speeds are increasing by 13%, which can boost a hurricane up to the next category (a 3 to a 4). Rainfall goes up by 10 to 31%.
• Warming has caused a longer fire season
• This makes the forests highly combustible within a month of when Snowpack melts. It’s melting 1-4 weeks earlier than it did 50 years ago.
Deforestation
• The amount of deforestation has caused the inability for tree’s to soak up carbon dioxide.
• The less tree’s we have, the less CO2 is being removed from the atmosphere.
• Every year 20 million hectares of tropical forests are being destroyed, which is releasing 2 billion tons of CO2 into to the atmosphere.
• If the Amazon Forest was to be turned into a desert (because of destruction) global warming would be predicted to increase by 50%. Already deforestation is responsible for 20-25% of global warming.
Climate change
• Since the early 1900’s, it has spiked, leaving irreversible damage to our world.
• The industrial revolution, factories, cars, and many other fossil fuelled systems, have increased the CO2 levels and the average temperature.
Research and describe TUNDRA; one of six terrestrial biomes. Identify the potential effects of climate change on the biome.
ReplyDeleteBy: Kat and Ayesha
Questions:
1. Where are tundras located?
a. Arctic regions in North America, Europe and Asia
b. Coldest parts of Antarctica
c. Areas with hot and humid climates
2. What is permafrost?
a. Melting glaciers
b. Permanently frozen soil
c. Coldest temperatures
3. Large trees aren't found in Tundras because ____________
a. Roots are too small
b. Soil is too soft
c. Roots can't pass permafrost
Notes:
Tundra: Large plains in the arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America. They cover a tenth of Earth's land and are one of the most sensitive habitats on Earth.
-Vegetation includes grass and sedges. During summer, plants that live here have to photosynthesize a year's worth of food to survive the harsh climate.
-Animals found here include caribou, lemmings, arctic hares, arctic foxes, arctic wolfs, polar bears, walruses and seals.
-Winters are extremely long and can last 6-9 months. Temperatures can drop to -40 degrees Celsius.
-Summers are short and cool. During summer, a few cm of soil actually thaws. The rest of the soil stays frozen all year round. This frozen soil is called permafrost.
- Precipitation averages to less than 25 cm per year.
Effects of Climate Change:
- Melting of permafrost can significantly change the landscape and what species are able to survive there.
- By releasing carbons into the atmosphere, melted permafrost contributes to ozone layer depletion; allowing more UV rays hitting the Earth.
- Air pollution from urban areas travels up to the tundra and can create smog clouds which can contaminate food sources and is harmful to animals.
- Exploration of oil and gas can physically disturb the environment.
Describe the major characteristics of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, and explain their relationship to Earth's biosphere.
ReplyDeleteBy: Calem Dahl
KEY POINTS ON ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSHPERE, LITHOSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE
CLASS NOTES
ATMOSPHERE
• Made up mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
• Contains the ozone layer which creates a shield against the most harmful rays of the sun.
• This protective layer traps heat, allows for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange as well as protects us from the sun.
• Without this layer we would be harmed by the sun and other harmful materials.
• There is also lots of water in the form of condensation in the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere goes all the way up to around 80 kilometers above the earth but its end is not clearly known or specified.
• Essential to the wellbeing of the biosphere.
HYDROSPHERE
• The hydrosphere includes the water cycle. The water cycle helps to naturally recycle water through evaporation and then dispersing the water via rain and other forms to create a constant water supply.
• The hydrosphere contains all of the water on Earth whether that be frozen, liquid, underground, or vapour.
• The hydrosphere even contains the water in the bedrock.
• The hydrosphere is discontinuous, or in other words, there are patches of it all over the earth.
• Is essential to provide water to sustain life.
LITHOSPHERE
• The solid portion of the Earth that includes the mantle and crust, usually 100 kilometres deep in most places.
• The lithosphere contains tectonic plates which cause the earth’s surface to move.
• The lithosphere is constantly moving due to plate tectonics.
• The lithosphere’s tectonic plates are responsible for earthquakes.
• The lithosphere recycles carbon which in turn then helps to stabilize the temperature for the earth.
BIOSPHERE
• Contains all living matter on earth plus dead matter that living organisms produce.
• Reacts with all other “spheres” of the earth.
• Scientists monitor the biosphere using global remote sensing platforms that photograph and collect data about living things on Earth.
• The biosphere is a core concept in ecology and biology.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM ALL
• Atmosphere exchanges gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide with the biosphere.
• Nutrients deposited from the atmosphere benefit life in the biosphere.
• These nutrients increase plant growth in the biosphere.
• Pollution in the biosphere can have an effect on the quality of the hydrosphere.
• Only a small amount of water in the hydrosphere can be consumed by living things in the biosphere.
• The hydrosphere is a source of water for the entire biosphere thus giving life to the earth.
• If the soil in the lithosphere is contaminated then the water flowing in the lithosphere will be contaminated as well.
• The plants of the biosphere can help to protect the rock in the lithosphere from eroding.
• The cracks in the rocks of the lithosphere help to promote plant growth in the biosphere by giving plants a space to grow.
• Soil contamination can take out ecosystems because of the plants that grow in the lithosphere’s soil and the water flowing through it.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The water cycle is important to the biosphere because it :
a. Expels all of the water into space
b. Evaporates water into clouds
c. Is a process that recycles water so that we always have a water supply
d. Takes all the water to the Earth’s core
2. The atmosphere protects Earth’s biosphere by :
a. Letting in all of the sun’s rays
b. Letting out all of the Earth’s heat
c. Letting in all of the sun’s rays and trapping in heat
d. Trapping in heat and keeping out most of the sun’s rays
3. Plate tectonics can have a positive effect on the biosphere by :
a. Recycling carbon which helps to regulate temperature on Earth
b. Creating earthquakes
c. Forming the ozone layer
d. Recycling oxygen through the Earth’s crust
Notes:
ReplyDelete• Extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent plants from growing
• Decrease in water supply
• More pests in different regions
• Food shortages
• Affect price of food
• As the population grows the more carbon emissions grow which effects food production
• Irregular growth patterns
Planting and Harvesting Changes
Shifts in seasonal rainfall patterns and severe rainfall cause flooding which delay’s planting and harvesting times, causing a major loss in money for farmers.
Reduction in Yields
This is the natural process of producing. This means that the productivity of crops reduces due to high temperatures and drought related stress.
More Pests, Weeds and Fungi
Many weeds, pests and fungi invade under warmer temperatures, wetter climates, and increased CO2 levels. Farmers spend more and more money due to the increase of pests, year and year. The ranges of weeds and pests are likely to expand to new parts of the world. This would cause new problems for farmers crops previously unexposed to these species.
Water Need
Dealing with drought could become a challenge in areas where summer temperatures are to increase and precipitation is to decrease. As water supplies are reduced, it may be more difficult to meet water demands and which can bring higher costs to access water.
1) What are Yields?
a) Drought
b) Water
c) Natural process of producing
d) Increase in pests
2) What do hotter climates do to agriculture?
a) Increase in pests/weeds
b) Drought
c) Planting/harvesting changes
d) A and B
3) Is too much CO2 good for food production?
a) True
b) False
Research 3 weather events and connect them to climate change. By: Will and Alex
ReplyDelete3 Questions
What is the correct order of steps for a Chinook Wind?
Moisture lost, Heat added, Goes over mountain, Warm Air travels down mountain.
Heat added, Moisture lost, Goes over mountain, Warm Air travels down mountain
Moisture lost, Goes over mountain, heat added, Warm Air travels down mountain.
2. What is another name for a Chinook?
A.Snow Eater
B. Warmth in a breeze
C. An Anti Cold Air Mass
D. The Puddle Maker
3. During the Calgary Floods how high was the water at stampede park?
1 meter
3 meters
2 meters
1.5 meters
Notes
1.Calgary Floods
Up to 100 000 Albertans were told to leave their homes
It was Canada's costliest natural disaster
Damage loss and recovery costs were projected to cost 6 Billion dollars
Also there was unbelievable infrastructure losses 1 000 km of destroyed roads and hundreds of washed away bridges
It started snowing in southern Alberta on Thanksgiving 2012 and did not stop snowing until a month after Easter
In May the snow at some points in the mountains was over one meter.
To add to the precipitation the spring was very wet and left the round soaked and the rivers overflowing
At some points in calgary there was more rain on May 23/24 then there was in the months to follow the floods We received 68 mm of rain in 48 hours
Raging creeks ate away at river banks and back yards, leaving behind phenomenal damage the rate the water flowed through High River was faster than niagara falls
At the saddledome water was up to row 10 and the barns at stampede park wer in 2 meters of water
David Suzuki said “Burning fossil fuels and pumping carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causes the Earth's average surface temperatures to rise. That warming leads to climate change, which generates increased extreme weather-related events. Those events, according to the World Meteorological Organisation's "Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2012," include "major heatwaves and extreme high temperatures, drought and wildfires, extreme precipitation and floods, snow and extreme cold, and tropical cyclones."
2.Sep 17th 2014 Calgary had 25 degree and the next day were amazed to see snow in the forecast
Temperature went down from 25 degrees to Zero degrees
Several centimeters fell
From a scientific standpoint it was weird to have snow that early before fall
This snow came 1 or 2 events to early
Weather network says “As for climate change, while some recent studies have been showing that the increased amount of open ocean in the Arctic - due to global warming melting more of the ice there - has been causing deeper 'dips' of the jet stream (recall the 'slip' of the polar vortex this past winter and the numerous cold-snaps that sparked from it), it's difficult to point to any single weather event and say it was 'caused' by global warming and the resulting climate change. The most that can be said right now is that it's possible that global warming and climate change are having some influence on the situation, but there's really no way to be sure that this wouldn't have happened anyway.”
3.Jan 6th 1966 at 7am it was -24 degrees celsius at 8am it was 0 and at 9am it was -22 degrees celsius in pincher creek
-A chinook hit pincher creek
-Temperature rose and fell 21 degrees (37.8 fahrenheit) in 4 minutes
-Lots of people complained about getting head aches that day
-Pincher Creek gets about 30 to 35 chinooks a year
-A chinooks is called a snow eater because it can move so much snow
-This is not an example of climate change as Chinooks are a natural event this diagram explains -why Chinooks happen
Topic: Describe factors that affect the amount of solar radiation absorbed in the biosphere and retained as thermal energy.
ReplyDeleteBy: Sunny
Definitions:
Solar radiation - radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy
Biosphere - the part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life, the ecosystem comprising the entire earth and the living organisms that inhabit it.
Thermal energy - example of kinetic energy, due to the motion of particles within the object or system
Introduction
Many things in the biosphere absorb and reflect solar radiation which affects the amount of solar radiation that stays in the biosphere. There are many interactions occurring in the earth’s atmosphere, crust, and waters that create a balanced system that not only maintains the earth’s temperature but is also crucial to the survival of life forms on earth.
Atmosphere - There are many factors in the atmosphere that let it control how much solar radiation is allowed to reach the earth and how much radiation is allowed to escape back to space. (ex. greenhouse gases)
Earth’s crust - Many places like deserts, rainforests, jungles, and the arctic all absorb or reflect solar radiation that reaches the earth’s crust.
Waters - The oceans and seas are significant factors that absorb lots of solar radiation from the sun.
Factors
Clouds, snow, and ice
They reflect most of the sunlight and solar radiation that shines on them, reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed in the biosphere.
Crust and Waters
Forests, rainforests, and jungles absorb many of the solar radiation that shines on them mostly for photosynthesis. Ocean waters absorb lots of radiation while deserts and the arctic reflect solar radiation back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere might seem to be transparent to the solar radiation coming from the sun, but in fact it reflects and also traps lots of solar radiation. It blocks off ultraviolet rays that are harmful to living organisms on earth and also traps solar radiation from escaping into space.
The atmosphere also provides a natural "greenhouse effect," that maintains the temperature and climate on Earth.
Incoming and Outgoing Radiation
Greenhouse gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs and many more gages make up the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse gases absorb radiation and transmit it in all directions, including the earth’s surface where it gets absorbed again, this is what keeps the earth’s surface warm at night and what retains solar radiation in the biosphere as thermal energy.
The earth absorbs much more solar radiation than it reflects it but because there are more and more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the atmosphere is trapping more radiation that has been reflected which causes climate change.
Connections to prior learning
Thermal energy is a type of kinetic energy that produces heat.
Living organisms all go through cellular respiration and in that process oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is produce, carbon dioxide is the main factor that adds to the greenhouse gas effect.
Plants need energy from the sun to go through the process of photosynthesis to create food, that is why ecosystems like forests absorb more solar radiation.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is “the part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life.” a definition of?
a. Atmosphere
b. Hydrosphere
c. Biosphere
d. Solar Radiation
2. The atmosphere provides a natural ________________.
a. cloud
b. greenhouse effect
c. shield to block off UV rays
d. biosphere
3. What do clouds, snow, and ice do?
a. absorb solar radiation
b. trap solar radiation
c. block solar radiation
d. reflect solar radiation
How is climate change affecting Canada? by Abby & Brennan
ReplyDeleteFacts Sheet
How is climate change affecting Canada?
• Increased forest fires due to heat
• Increased floods due to excessive rain fall
• Insect infestation due to warmer temperatures
• Stronger U.V. rays
• Worse air quality due to gases being realised
• Bad ski conditions due to increased heat in winter
• Increased water temperatures
It is predicted that …
• British Columbia will resemble a garden with the ability to grow crops such as
-Pecans
-Olives
-Sugar cane
-Oranges
-Lemons
-Cotton
• Alberta and Saskatchewan will resemble a dessert. (dry & unbearable heat)
• Atlantic Canada (AKA Newfoundland & Labrador, Nova Scotia, P.E.I. and New Brunswick) will be most threatened by climate change. It is predicted that there will be…
-Stronger storms
-Rising sea levels
-Coastal erosion
-Flooding
This Graph represents the rise in temperature recorded yearly from the 1900s to the 2000s. The climate has risen by 1.2 C over the past 100 years. That’s almost twice the global rate.
Quiz
1.What region is affected most by climate change?
A)Central Canada
B)Northern Canada
C)Atlantic Canada
2. What province is NOT predicted to resemble a dessert?
A)British Columbia
B)Alberta
C)Saskatchewan
3.How much has Canada climate changed since the 1900s?
A)-1.2 C
B)1.2 C
C)2.1 C
Question
ReplyDeleteThe sun is the surface of all energy on earth. Define radiation, convection, absorption and reflection. Explain the net radiation.
***
Radiation:
The mechanism of energy transfer in which atoms or molecules emit electromagnetic waves. (Process by which solar energy reaches the earth) -textbook pg. 366
Convection:
The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. - Google definitions
Absorption:
The process or action by which one thing is absorbed by another. -google definitions
Reflection:
The throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat or sound without absorbing it. -google definitions
Net radiation budget:
Earth’s budget or earth's radiation balance describes the net flow of energy into earth in the form of shortwave radiation and the outgoing inferred long wave radiation into space. Thus, the energy fluxes are important to understand climate change, defined by changes in earth’s energy balance. The earth maintains an energy balance and a temperature balance by radiating as much energy into space as it absorbs from the sun.
- Textbook + earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/energy balance/page6.php
1. Fill in the blank.
The Earth’s radiation budget allows it to maintain an energy balance and a _______ balance.
a)light
b)temperature
c)heat
d)condensation
2. What’s the difference between radiation and reflection?
a)there is no difference
b)the process of reflection involves absorption and radiation does not
c)both require light
d)the process of radiation involves absorption and reflection does not
3. Choose the following information about convection that is not true.
a)when hotter material rises and colder material sinks
b)movement caused within a fluid
c)requires light
d)results in a transfer of heat
1. How much do scientists predict the temperature will increase in 100 years?
ReplyDeleteA) 1-2 degrees Celsius
B) 2-4 degrees Celsius
C) 3-5 degrees Celsius
D) 4-6 degrees Celsius
2. What is Alberta doing to eliminate greenhouses gases?
A) shutting down coal-fired factories
B) investing in innovative and clean energy projects
C) making facilities pay a fee when they go over the emission limit
D) all of the above
3. Climate change can bring opportunity to Alberta's agriculture.
A) true
B) false
C) none of the above
D) all of the above
Caitlin + Brittany
Jon Questions:
ReplyDelete#1 Where does the water cycle begin?
a) The ocean
b) All water sources
c) Clouds
d) Snow and Rain
#2 What's the main source of energy for the modern water cycle?
a) Seasonal weather changes
b) Thermal energy from the Earth's Core
c) The Sun
d) None of the above
#3 What change of state does water vapour go through when it turns into hail?
a) Solidification (liquid to solid)
b) Condensation to Solidification (Gas to liquid to solid)
c) Deposition (gas to solid)
d) Sublimation (solid to gas)
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteThe Water Cycle, By: Jon Leduc
DeleteWhat is the Water Cycle
The water cycle, H2O cycle or hydraulics cycle is the cycle in which the water moves on the Earth's surface. The water cycle involves the exchange of energy which can lead to temperature change. As an example when water is evaporated it takes up energy for its surroundings and cools the environment. When the clouds condensate and it rains or snows energy is released creating a warmer environment. These changes create climate. The main source of energy for the water cycle is the sun, without the sun water wouldn't get the thermal energy it needs to change states. Other factors include: season, location and temperature.
Who Discovered the Modern Water Cycle
The first publisher to record that rainfall was a main source for maintaining rivers was a man named Bernard Palissy (1580) who is credited to the creator of the modern water cycle .
States of Change During Weather
Step 1: The main source of water is the ocean for weather. The ocean is also step one, the first thing that happens is Solar/Thermal energy comes from the sun and heats the water up giving it lots of energy to change states from liquid to gas (Evaporation). Although the ocean is the main source, water can also be evaporated from lakes, pond, creeks, rivers or anything with water. Then evaporated water (gas) rises due to having more particles moving faster and farther. This makes it less dense than air particles which is more dense due to less particle movement. Air, even "clear air," contains water molecules. Clouds exist in the atmosphere because of rising air. As air rises and cools the water in it can "condense out", forming clouds. Since clouds drift over the landscape, they are one of the ways that water moves geographically around the globe in the water cycle. A common myth is that clouds form because cooler air can hold less water than warmer air—but this is not true.
Step:2 At high altitudes the air is very cold and that slows down the water vapours molecules. Moisture starts to build up in clouds (condensation) when the water vapour changes from gas to liquid. The water in the clouds can stay floating because at a high altitude where it's cold but at the same time there is solar/thermal energy the water can change from solid to gas and vice-versa many times but there is also help from updrafts (rising wind) This also means that there is a cycle in the clouds as well. The water movers in a cloud like a wheel formation as it changes states and that's why sometimes clouds look like there rolling. Eventually the gas cools down enough for the water to go from gas to liquid and then the water falls (rain). When it snows the water vapour rapidly changes from gas to liquid (condensation) and seconds after the water droplets leave the cloud they crystallize (solidification) and fall as snow. When is hails the water vapour (gas) doesn't have time to change into liquid water because of extreme energy loss, so the newly solidified hail falls from the cloud. Hail's size can be determined due to the amount of gas that changes to solid at one time and the amount of friction it faces on the way down. The friction can break the hail into smaller pieces. Clouds can also gain weight and descend to Earth's surface as fog.
Step:3 After the water falls back to Earth's surface it either is water or snow. Snow will usually fall during Autumn, Winter or Spring but when it's warm enough for the snow to melt the snow (solid) will change from solid to liquid (fusion). Liquid Water from melted snow or rain will flow into streams, lakes, ponds, rivers, underground water streams and every other type of liquid water source and eventually make its way back to the ocean. Some water will be evaporated before it reaches the ocean and will go back to the clouds. The water that makes it to the ocean will be back at the start of the water cycle and it starts all over again.